NEPC Resources on Curriculum and Teaching
Emilie Mitescu Reagan, A. Lin Goodwin (). Let’s Stop Asking Whether Teachers Are Professionals. Let’s Ask What Kinds of Professionals We Want Teachers to Be. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/teachers
(). Testing and Accountability: The Federal Role. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-shepard-092624
Christopher Saldaña, Francesca López (). NEPC Talks Education: An Interview With Francesca López About Asset-Based Educational Policies, Practices, and Programs. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/podcast-saldana-lopez
Christopher Saldaña, Jonathan Feingold, Joshua Weishart (). NEPC Talks Education: An Interview With Jonathan Feingold and Joshua Weishart about Discriminatory Censorship Laws. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/podcast-saldana-feingold-weishart
Ben Williamson, Alex Molnar, Faith Boninger (). Time for a Pause: Without Effective Public Oversight, AI in Schools Will Do More Harm Than Good.. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/ai
(). Slavery Caused the Civil War. Do America’s Schoolchildren Know That Fact?. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-slavery-020624
Vivian E. Hamilton (). The Conflict Over Parents’ Rights. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/parents-rights
Jonathan Feingold, Joshua Weishart (). How Discriminatory Censorship Laws Imperil Public Education. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/censorship
Gloria Ladson-Billings (). Truths My Teacher Can't Tell Me: The Politics of Today's Curriculum. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/fyi-video-ladson-billings
Christine Sleeter, David R. Garcia (). NEPC Review: School Choice Is Not Enough: The Impact of Critical Social Justice Ideology in American Education (Manhattan Institute, February 2023). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/review/csj
Christopher Saldaña, Derek W. Black (). NEPC Talks Education: An Interview With Derek Black About the Role of Law in Education Policy. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/podcast-saldana-black
(). Can “Syncretic Learning” Improve Math Instruction?. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-syncretic-121322
(). Five Real-World Lessons From Common Core State Standards Implementation. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-ccss-04262022
Christopher Saldaña, Kristal Moore Clemons, Kendall Deas, Jon Hale (). NEPC Talks Education: An Interview With Kristal Moore Clemons, Kendall Deas, and Jon Hale About Freedom Schools . Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/podcast-saldana-clemons-deas-hale
(). Teachers Welcome Deprofessionalization. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-teachers-04012022
Julia Mahfouz (). NEPC Review: The Unexamined Rise of Therapeutic Education: How Social-Emotional Learning Extends K-12 Education’s Reach into Students’ Lives and Expands Teachers’ Roles (American Enterprise Institute, October 2021). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/sel
Christine Sleeter (). NEPC Review: Representation of Social Groups in U.S. Educational Materials and Why It Matters (New America, December 2021). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/curriculum
Kevin D. Brown (). NEPC Review: How to Regulate Critical Race Theory in Schools: A Primer and Model Legislation (Manhattan Institute, August 2021). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/crt-regulation
Christopher Saldaña, Audrey Watters (). NEPC Talks Education: An Interview with Audrey Watters About “Teaching Machines” and Personalized Learning. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/podcast-saldana-watters
(). School Controversies Dominated This Contentious Election Cycle. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-election-111121
Christopher Saldaña, Sade Bonilla, Allyson Tintiangco-Cubales (). NEPC Talks Education: An Interview with Sade Bonilla and Allyson Tintiangco-Cubales About Ethnic Studies. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/podcast-saldana-bonilla-tintiangco-cubales
Francesca López, Alex Molnar, Royel Johnson, Ashley Patterson, LaWanda Ward, Kevin K. Kumashiro (). Understanding the Attacks on Critical Race Theory. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/crt
Christopher Saldaña, Gloria Ladson-Billings (). NEPC Talks Education: An Interview with Gloria Ladson-Billings About Education Policy Responses to Pandemic and Civil Unrest. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/podcast-saldana-ladson-billings
(). Normal Was Never Enough. COVID Offers the Opportunity to Improve the Status Quo. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-covid-equity-091421
(). Not Even the Pandemic Could Change It: A Q&A About Grading. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-grading-090721
(). Critical Race Theory: What It Is. And What It Is Not. A Q&A With Adrienne Dixson. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-dixson-crt-082621
(). Five Myths About Teaching. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-teacher-appreciation-050421
Faith Boninger, Alex Molnar, Michael K. Barbour (). Issues to Consider Before Adopting a Digital Platform or Learning Program. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/virtual-learning
(). Seven Ways Research Can Guide Schools’ Recovery from the Coronavirus. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-recovery-plan-090320
(). Practical Advice on Addressing Racial Justice in K-12 Schools: A Q&A with Gloria Ladson-Billings. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-ladson-billings-081320
(). Should For-Profit Corporations Be Writing America’s Curriculum to Best Serve Their Needs?. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-cte-022720
Gregory A. Smith, Faith Boninger, Alex Molnar (). Education Interview of the Month: Greg Smith Interviews Faith Boninger and Alex Molnar About Personalized Learning and Digital Privatization. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/smith-boninger-molnar
Faith Boninger, Alex Molnar, Christopher Saldaña (). Personalized Learning and the Digital Privatization of Curriculum and Teaching. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/personalized-learning
Valerie Strauss, Alex Molnar, Faith Boninger (). How Corporate Interests Are Overtaking Well-Intentioned Goals of Personalized Learning. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/resource-document-corporate-interests
Lorrie Shepard (). NEPC Review: Education System Alignment for 21st Century Skills: Focus on Assessment (Brookings Institution, November 2018). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/assessment
Amanda Datnow (). NEPC Review: The Opportunity Myth (TNTP, September 2018). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-opportunity-myth
(). The Connection Between Poverty, Race and College Preparation in Five Charts. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-poverty-110818
(). At This School, Student Discipline Is Often an Opportunity to Learn. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-discipline-110118
Beth C. Rubin (). NEPC Review: Systems for Success: Thinking Beyond Access to AP (The Education Trust, July 2017). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-AP
(). Ideas for Incorporating NEPC Resources into Your Instruction. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-NEPC-resources-081618
Gregory A. Smith, Kenneth M. Zeichner (). Education Interview of the Month: Greg Smith Interviews Ken Zeichner on Independent Teacher Prep Programs. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/smith-zeichner
Gregory A. Smith, Alyssa Hadley Dunn (). Education Interview of the Month: Greg Smith Interviews Alyssa Hadley Dunn on Viral Teacher Resignation Letters. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/smith-hadley-dunn
William J. Mathis (). Research-Based Options for Education Policymaking - 2016 Collection. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/research-based-options
Sarah Lubienski (). NEPC Review: The Hidden Value of Curriculum Reform: Do States and Districts Receive the Most Bang for Their Curriculum Buck? (Center for American Progress, October 2015). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-curriculum
Marisa Saunders, Jaime Del Razo (). NEPC Review: Updating Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century (Lexington Institute, February 2014). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-updating-career-technical-ed
Jennie Whitcomb (). Review of Fixing Classroom Observations: How Common Core Will Change the Way We Look at Teaching. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-fixing-classroom-observations
William J. Mathis (). Research-Based Options for Education Policymaking - 2013 Collection. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/options
William J. Mathis (). Addressing School Environment and Safety for LGBT Students. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/options/lgbt
Rich Milner (). Policy Reforms and De-professionalization of Teaching. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/policy-reforms-deprofessionalization
Julian Vasquez Heilig, Su Jin Jez (). Teach For America: A Review of the Evidence. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/teach-for-america
Richard Ingersoll, Lisa Merrill (). NEPC Review: Teacher Layoffs: Rethinking "Last Hired, First Fired" Policies (National Council on Teacher Quality (NCTQ), February 2010). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-teacher-layoffs
Bob Williams (). Reviews Worth Sharing: Leaders and Laggards: A State-by-State Report Card on Educational Innovation (November 2009). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/does-grading-bias-apply-education-reports
Raymond Pecheone, Ruth Chung Wei (). NEPC Review: The Widget Effect: Our National Failure to Acknowledge and Act on Teacher Differences (TNTP, June 2009). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-widget-effect
Gene V Glass (). The Realities of K-12 Virtual Education. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/realities-K-12-virtual-education
Jennifer Jennings, Sean P. Corcoran (). NEPC Review: An Evaluation of Teachers Trained Through Different Routes to Certification: Final Report (February 2009). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-evaluation-of-teachers
Janette K. Klingner (). The Intersection of Race, Culture, Language, and Disability: Implications for Urban Education. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/intersection-race-culture-language-and-disability-implications-urban-education
Peter W. Cookson, Jr., Kevin G. Welner (). Fellows’ Education Letters to the President. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/Letters-to-Obama
Marisa Saunders, Christopher A. Chrisman (). Multiple Pathways: 21st Century High Schools that Prepare All Students for College, Career and Civic Participation. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/multiple-pathways
Carol C. Burris (). NEPC Review: The Misplaced Math Student: Lost in Eighth-Grade Algebra (September 2008). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-misplaced-math-student
John T. Yun (). NEPC Review: The Effect of Special Education Vouchers on Public School Achievement: Evidence from Florida's McKay Scholarship Program (Manhattan Institute, April 2008). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-effect-of-special
Gene V Glass (). Alternative Certification of Teachers. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/alternative-certification-of-teachers
Marisa Cannata (). Teacher Qualifications and Work Environments Across School Types. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/teacher-qualifications-and-work-environments-across-school-types
Janette K. Klingner (). Schooling and the Construction of Identity Among Minority Students in Spain and the United States. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/schooling-and-construction-identity-among-minority-students-spain-and-united-states
Christopher Lubienski (). Educational Innovation and Diversification in School Choice Plans. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/educational-innovation-and-diversification-school-choice-plans
W. Norton Grubb (). 'Restoring Value' to the High School Diploma: The Rhetoric and Practice of Higher Standards. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/restoring-value-high-school-diploma-the-rhetoric-and-practice-higher-standards
Lawrence Mishel, Sean P. Corcoran (). NEPC Review: How Much Are Public School Teachers Paid? (Manhattan Institute, January 2007). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-how-much-are-public-school-teachers-paid
Richard Allington (). NEPC Review: Whole Language High Jinks: How to Tell When 'Scientifically-Based Reading Instruction' Isn't (Thomas B. Fordham Institute, January 2007). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-whole-language-high-jinks-how-tell-when-scientifically-based-reading-instruction-is
Janette K. Klingner (). Discarding the Deficit Model. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/discarding-deficit-model
Kevin G. Welner, K. Martinez (). The Use of Assessment for Curricular Differentiation. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/the-use-assessment-curricular-differentiation
Ash Vasudeva, Raymond Pecheone (). NEPC Review: Giving Students the Chaff: How to Find and Keep the Teachers We Need (September 2006). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-giving-students-chaff-how-find-and-keep-teachers-we-need
Janette K. Klingner (). The Special Education Referral and Decision-Making Process for English Language Learners: Child Study Team Meetings and Staffing. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/special-education-referral-and-decision-making-process-english-language-learners-child-s
Janette K. Klingner (). English Language Learners Who Struggle with Reading: Language Acquisition or Learning Disabilities? . Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/english-language-learners-who-struggle-reading-language-acquisition-or-learning-disabili
Janette K. Klingner, P. Edwards (). Cultural Considerations with Response to Intervention Models. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/cultural-considerations-with-response-intervention-models
Janette K. Klingner (). Addressing the Disproportionate Representation of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students in Special Education through. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/addressing-disproportionate-representation-culturally-and-linguistically-diverse-student
Kevin G. Welner (). The Overrepresentation of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students in Special Education. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/the-overrepresentation-culturally-and-linguistically-diverse-students-special-education
Alex Molnar, Douglas N. Harris, Gene V Glass, Lisa Abrams, Madhabi Chatterji, Mary Lee Smith, Sherman Dorn, Tim Hacsi, Victoria-Maria MacDonald (). Reform Florida. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/reform-florida
David C. Berliner (). These Youths Deserve Better. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/these-youths-deserve-better
Margaret Eisenhart, L. Edwards (). Red-Eared Sliders and Neighborhood Dogs. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/red-eared-sliders-and-neighborhood-dogs-creating-third-spaces-support-ethnic-girls-inter
Janette K. Klingner (). The Science of Professional Development. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/the-science-professional-development
Russell Gersten, Linda K. Elksnin, Daniel Boudah, Janette K. Klingner, David Scanlon (). Important Publications in the Field of LD in Light of Imminent Topics. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/important-publications-field-ld-light-imminent-topics
Kathy Escamilla, S. Shannon, S. Carlos, J. García (). Breaking the Code: Colorado's Defeat of the Anti-Bilingual Education Initiative (Amendment 31). Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/breaking-code-colorados-defeat-anti-bilingual-education-initiative-amendment-31
Janette K. Klingner, Alfredo J. Artiles (). When Should Bilingual Students Be in Special Education?. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/when-should-bilingual-students-be-special-education
Gene V Glass, Cheryl A. Edholm (). The AIMS Test and the Mathematics Actually Used by Arizona Employees. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/the-aims-test-and-mathematics-actually-used-arizona-employees
S. Vaughn, Janette K. Klingner (). The Changing Roles and Responsibilities of an LD Specialist. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/the-changing-roles-and-responsibilities-ld-specialist
Kenneth R. Howe, Kevin G. Welner (). School Choice and the Pressure to Perform: Déjà Vu for Children with Disabilities?. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/school-choice-and-pressure-perform-d%C3%A9j%C3%A0-vu-children-with-disabilities
Daniel J. Losen, Kevin G. Welner (). Disabling Discrimination in Our Public Schools: Comprehensive Legal Challenges to Inappropriate and Inadequate Special Education. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/disabling-discrimination-our-public-schools-comprehensive-legal-challenges-inappropriate
Lorrie Shepard (). The Role of Classroom Assessment in Teaching and Learning. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/role-classroom-assessment-teaching-and-learning
M. Coady, Kathy Escamilla (). Assessing the Writing of Spanish Speaking Students: Issues and Suggestions. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/assessing-writing-spanish-speaking-students-issues-and-suggestions
Margaret Eisenhart (). Changing Conceptions of Culture and Ethnographic Methodology: Recent Thematic Shifts and their Implications for Research. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/changing-conceptions-culture-and-ethnographic-methodology-recent-thematic-shifts-and-the
T. Parrish, Edward W. Wiley, G. W. Bohrnstedt (). Class Size Reduction and Special Education Referrals and Placements. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/class-size-reduction-and-special-education-referrals-and-placements
Gregory A. Smith (). Defusing Environmental Education: An Evaluation of the Critique of the Environmental Education Movement. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/defusing-environmental-education-an-evaluation-critique-environmental-education-movement
Margaret Eisenhart (). Boundaries and Selves in the Making of 'Science'. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/boundaries-and-selves-making-science
Lorrie Shepard (). The Role of Assessment in a Learning Culture. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/role-assessment-learning-culture
M. E. Arguelles, M. T. Hughes, Janette K. Klingner, S. Vaughn (). Sustaining Research-Based Practices in Reading: A Three-Year Follow-Up. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/sustaining-research-based-practices-reading-a-three-year-follow-up
S. Vaughn, Janette K. Klingner (). Teaching Reading Comprehension Through Collaborative Strategic Reading Intervention. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/teaching-reading-comprehension-through-collaborative-strategic-reading-intervention
Janette K. Klingner, J. W. Forgan, P. Cohen, S. Vaughn, J. S. Schumm (). Inclusion or Pull-Out: Which Do Students Prefer?. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/inclusion-or-pull-out-which-do-students-prefer
S. Vaughn, J. S. Schumm, B. Elbaum, M. T. Hughes, Janette K. Klingner (). Outcomes for Students With and Without Learning Disabilities in Inclusive Classrooms. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/outcomes-students-with-and-without-learning-disabilities-inclusive-classrooms
Janette K. Klingner, S. Vaughn, M. T. Hughes, J. S. Schumm (). A Collaborative Effort to Enhance Reading and Writing Instruction in Inclusion Classrooms. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/a-collaborative-effort-enhance-reading-and-writing-instruction-inclusion-classrooms
Grace Taylor, Damian W. Betebenner (). Inclusion of Limited-English-Proficient Students in Rhode Island's Grade 4 Mathematics Performance Assessment. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/inclusion-limited-english-proficient-students-rhode-islands-grade-4-mathematics-performa
J. S. Schumm, S. Vaughn, Janette K. Klingner (). Collaborative Strategic Reading During Social Studies in Heterogeneous Fourth-Grade Classrooms. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/collaborative-strategic-reading-during-social-studies-heterogeneous-fourth-grade-classro
Lorrie Shepard (). Measuring Achievement: What Does It Mean to Test for Robust Understanding?. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/measuring-achievement-what-does-it-mean-test-robust-understanding
E. Finkel, S. F. Marion, Margaret Eisenhart (). Creating the Conditions for Scientific Literacy: A Reconsideration. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/creating-conditions-scientific-literacy-a-reconsideration
Janette K. Klingner, S. Vaughn (). Reciprocal Teaching of Reading Comprehension Strategies for Students with Learning Disabilities Who Use English as a Second La. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/reciprocal-teaching-reading-comprehension-strategies-students-with-learning-disabilities
Janette K. Klingner, S. Vaughn, L. Saumell, J. S. Schumm (). Students' Views of Instructional Practices: Implications for Inclusion. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/students-views-instructional-practices-implications-inclusion
C. L. Bliem (). Parents' Thinking About Standardized Tests and Performance. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/parents-thinking-about-standardized-tests-and-performance
Lorrie Shepard (). The Place of Testing Reform in Educational Reform: A Reply to Cizek. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/place-testing-reform-educational-reform-reply-cizek
R. Underhill, Hilda Borko, Margaret Eisenhart, C. Brown, D. Jones, P. Agard (). Conceptual Knowledge Falls through the Cracks: Complexities of Learning to Teach Mathematics for Understanding. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/conceptual-knowledge-falls-through-cracks-complexities-learning-teach-mathematics-unders
Lorrie Shepard (). Commentary: What Policymakers Who Mandate Tests Should Know About the New Psychology of Intellectual Ability and Learning. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/commentary-what-policy-makers-who-mandate-tests-should-know-about-new-psychology-intelle
Hilda Borko, R. Underhill, C. Brown, Margaret Eisenhart, P. Agard, D. Jones (). Learning to Teach Hard Mathematics: Do Novice Teachers and Their Instructors Give Up Too Easily?. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/learning-teach-hard-mathematics-do-novice-teachers-and-their-instructors-give-up-too-eas
Margaret Eisenhart (). Conceptual Frameworks for Research Circa 1991: Ideas from a Cultural Anthropologist; Implications for Mathematics Education Rese. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/conceptual-frameworks-research-circa-1991-ideas-a-cultural-anthropologist-implications-m
Lorrie Shepard (). Psychometricians' Beliefs about Learning. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/psychometricians-beliefs-about-learning
Margaret Eisenhart (). The Ethnographic Research Tradition and Mathematics Education Research. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/the-ethnographic-research-tradition-and-mathematics-education-research
Lorrie Shepard (). The New Push for Excellence: Widening the Schism Between Regular and Special Education. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/new-push-excellence-widening-schism-between-regular-and-special-education
W. A. Davis (). Specialists' Use of Tests and Clinical Judgment in the Diagnosis of Learning Disabilities. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/specialists-use-tests-and-clinical-judgment-diagnosis-learning-disabilities
Mary Lee Smith (). An Evaluation of the Identification of Learning Disabled Students in Colorado. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/an-evaluation-identification-learning-disabled-students-colorado
Mary Lee Smith (). Characteristics of Pupils Identified as Learning Disabled. Available at: https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/characteristics-pupils-identified-learning-disabled